Avaliação de tratamentos conservadores da disfunção temporomandibular na dor, qualidade de vida, sintomas depressivos e ansiedade: ensaio clínico randomizado / Evaluation of conservative treatments for temporomandibular disorder on pain, quality of life, depressive symptoms and anxiety: randomized clinical trial

Introdução: a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é entendida como um conjunto de problemas clínicos que envolvem os músculos mastigatórios, a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e estruturas associadas, possuindo diversas formas de tratamentos conservadores. Objetivo: avaliar a influência dos tratamentos conservadores craniopuntura, laserpuntura, placa oclusal, aconselhamento e fisioterapia na sintomatologia dolorosa, nos sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão e na qualidade de vida em pacientes com DTM. Material e métodos: diagnosticados por meio do Critério de Diagnóstico para DTM (DC/TMD), setenta e oito (78) pacientes com DTM foram distribuídos em cinco grupos de tratamentos: laserpuntura (LA) (n=13), craniopuntura (CR) (n=13), placa oclusal (PO) (n=17), aconselhamento (AC) (n=15) e fisioterapia (FT) (n=20). Assim, foram avaliados antes de iniciar a terapia, após um mês e três meses do tratamento por meio do DC/TMD e quanto à ansiedade, depressão, qualidade de vida e dor, pelos questionários Inventário da Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Inventário da Depressão de Beck (BDI), Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL), Impacto da Saúde Bucal na Qualidade de Vida (OHIP-14) e Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 22.0 com o teste de Friedman entre tempos e pós-teste de Wilcoxon, bem como o teste de Kruskal Wallis entre grupos com o pós-teste de Mann Whitney. Resultados: observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos na avaliação da sintomatologia dolorosa pela EVA com um mês (p=0,005) e três meses de tratamento (p=0,002), na avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade pelo BAI com um mês após a terapia (p=0,000), no impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida pelo OHIP-14 com três meses de tratamento (p=0,001) com resultados mais favoráveis aos grupos tratados com PO e com FT. Percebeu-se também melhora significativa ao longo do tempo na dor pela EVA para PO (p=0,003), AC (p=0,007), CR (p=0,043) e FT (p=0,000); nos sintomas de ansiedade pelo BAI para PO (p=0,000); nos sintomas depressivos pelo BDI para PO (p=0,014), AC (p=0,046) e FT (p=0,006); na qualidade de vida pelo WHOQOLgeral para PO (p=0,035) e FT (p=0,004) e no impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida pelo OHIP-14 para PO (p=0,000), AC (p=0,031) e FT (p=0,001). Conclusão: de forma geral, a PO e a FT se sobressaíram em relação aos outros grupos na maioria dos parâmetros analisados, mas a maioria dos grupos apresentou alguma melhora ao longo do tempo em alguma variável estudada. Portanto, recomenda-se o uso das terapias conservadoras avaliadas no tratamento da DTM (AU).

Introduction: temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is understood as a set of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures, with several forms of conservative treatments. Objective: to evaluate the influence of conservative treatments craniopuncture, laser acupuncture therapy, occlusal plaque, counseling and physiotherapy on pain, anxiety and depression symptoms and quality of life in patients with TMD. Material and methods: diagnosed through the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD), seventy eight (78) patients with TMD were divided into five treatment groups: laser acupuncture therapy (LA) (n=13), craniopuncture (CR) (n=13), occlusal plaque (PO) (n=17), counseling (AC) (n=15) and physiotherapy (FT) (n=20). Thus, they were evaluated before starting therapy, after one month and three months of treatment using the DC/TMD and regarding anxiety, depression, quality of life and pain, using the questionnaires, Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL), Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life (OHIP-14) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 22.0 with the Friedman test between times and Wilcoxon post-test, as well as the Kruskal Wallis test between groups with Mann Whitney post-test. Results: It has been observed a statistically significant difference between the groups in the assessment of pain by the VAS at one month (p=0,005) and three months of treatment (p=0,002), in the assessment of anxiety symptoms by the BAI one month after the therapy (p=0,000), on the impact of oral health on quality of life by OHIP-14 with three months of treatment (p=0,001), with more favorable results for the groups treated with PO and FT. It has been noticed a significant improvement over time in pain by VAS for PO (p=0,003), AC (p=0,007), CR (p=0,043) and FT (p=0,000); in anxiety symptoms by BAI for PO (p=0,000); in the depressive symptoms by BDI for PO (p=0,014), AC (p=0,046) and FT (p=0,006); on quality of life by WHOQOL-general for PO (p=0,035) and FT (p=0,004) and on the impact of oral health on quality of life by OHIP-14 for PO (p=0,000), AC (p=0,031) and FT (p=0,001). Conclusion: in general, PO and FT stood out in relation to the other groups in most parameters, but most groups improved over time in some parameter evaluated. Therefore, the use of the evaluated conservative therapies is recommended in the treatment of TMD (AU).

Analysis of CD57+ natural killer cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the number of CD57+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes between periapical granulomas (PGs) and radicular cysts (RCs). Twenty-fives cases of PGs and 25 of RCs were submitted to histological analysis and immunohistochemistry using anti-CD57 and anti-CD8 biomarkers. Positive cells were counted in 10 fields (400× magnification) and the median value was calculated for each case. Statistical tests were used to evaluate differences in the number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes according to type of lesion, intensity of the infiltrate and thickness of the lining epithelium. The number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher in PGs than in RCs (p = 0.129 and p = 0.541, respectively). Comparison of the number of CD57+ NK cells in atrophic and hyperplastic epithelium revealed a larger number of cells in the atrophic epithelium (p = 0.042). A larger number of CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes were observed in grade III infiltrates compared to grade I/II (p = 0.145 and p = 0.725, respectively). CD8+ T lymphocytes were more prevalent than CD57+ NK cells in most cases when PGs and RCs were analyzed separately or in combination (p < 0.0001). CD57+ NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes play a key role in antiviral defense and the presence of these cells supports evidence suggesting the participation of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis of PGs and RCs. The response mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes was more frequent, indicating greater participation of the adaptive immunity in these chronic lesions.